Free PDF Ethics in Ancient Israel, by John Barton
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Ethics in Ancient Israel, by John Barton
Free PDF Ethics in Ancient Israel, by John Barton
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Ethics in Ancient Israel is a study of ethical thinking in ancient Israel from around the eighth to the second century BC. The evidence for this consists primarily of the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible and Apocrypha, but also other ancient Jewish writings such as the Dead Sea Scrolls and various anonymous and pseudonymous texts from shortly before the New Testament period. Professor John Barton argues that there were several models for thinking about ethics, including a 'divine command' theory, something approximating to natural law, a virtue ethic, and a belief in human custom and convention. Moreover, he examines ideas of reward and punishment, purity and impurity, the status of moral agents and patients, imitation of God, and the image of God in humanity.
Barton maintains that ethical thinking can be found not only in laws but also in the wisdom literature, in the Psalms, and in narrative texts. There is much interaction with recent scholarship in both English and German. The book features discussion of comparative material from other ancient Near Eastern cultures and a chapter on short summaries of moral teaching, such as the Ten Commandments. This innovative work should be of interest to those concerned with the interpretation of the Old Testament but also to students of ethics.
- Sales Rank: #1687457 in Books
- Published on: 2015-01-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 6.40" h x 1.00" w x 9.30" l, 1.56 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 336 pages
Review
"[N]o one interested in that subject will be able to ignore Barton's informative and illuminating discussions." --Theology
"Barton's erudite demonstration of the rich diversity and sophistication of ethical thinking in ancient Isreal is a valuable contribution to biblical scholarship and deserves a wide hearing."-- Bradley Gregory, Catholic Biblical Assocation
About the Author
John Barton is Oriel & Laing Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, University of Oxford. His publications include The Theology of the Book of Amos (Cambridge University Press, 2012) and Oracles of God: Perceptions of Ancient Prophecy in Israel after the Exile (2007).
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
I gained a great deal from it
By Lost John
John Barton offers this book as a contribution to the history of ideas, ethical ideas in particular. He feels that history has hitherto been missing a chapter on Ethics in Ancient Israel; one that would stand alongside works on Greek, Roman and modern ethical ideas.
In the context of this book, Barton treats 'ethics' primarily as 'moral philosophy', as distinct from being equivalent to morals, but he does not entirely exclude consideration of the latter. And he emphasizes the importance of his book title being 'Ethics in Ancient Israel' rather than merely 'Ethics of the Old Testament'. He takes in all the relevant writings of the time that have come down to us, by no means restricting himself to those included in the Hebrew Bible, or the Old Testament familiar to modern Christians.
Another objective important to Barton is to persuade us that the texts are much more variegated and interesting than what he refers to as 'the stereotypes of slaughter of the Canaanites and unrelenting vengeance'.
Whilst setting the overall scene, I should also mention that John Barton represents himself as a modern Christian - as distinct from, among other possibilities, a modern Jewish scholar, or an atheist - and he occasionally makes reference to Christian New Testament teaching. To take one example (their number is not excessive); after a survey of the many attempts to reduce/condense/summarise the (reputedly) 613 mizvot (commandments) in the Torah - King David is said to have reduced them to 11 (principles); Isaiah to six; Micah to three ('to do justly, love mercy and walk humbly with God'); Isaiah, again, to two; Amos to one ('Seek ye Me and live'); and Habakkuk also to one ('But the righteous shall live by his faith') - it is surely entirely relevant and legitimate to refer also to the 'golden rule' attributed to Jesus: 'Do to others as you would have them do to you.'
Barton observes that Christian teaching is derived from late Israelite teaching, which is of course self-evident - except that St Paul seems to have also been aware of ideas attributed to Plato, and probably also Aristotle. (Barton in any case believes that much of what have traditionally been regarded as 'ancient' Israelite writings were at the very least re-worked - if not originated - in the Hellenic period, and that there are relationships arising from their contemporaneity.)
I digress, but in doing so give some idea of the sort of material treated here, and the thoroughness with which it is handled.
For the most part, the book is intended for, and will I think be best appreciated by those with a present or past academic relationship with theology, ethics or philosophy. For those already in the field there will be points to be taken up in debate - as John Barton uses the text of his book to answer some of his earlier critics.
Being merely an interested student of ideas, who was once much impressed by a public lecture given by John Barton, I lack the academic background and the book was for me no light read. Many pages of notes later (and having re-read extensive parts of Old Testament scriptures such as Job, Deuteronomy, Lamentations, Proverbs, Psalms....) and having looked-up Ptah-hotep, Amen-em-opet and other mysteries to those of us who haven't passed that way before, I can truthfully say I have gained a great deal from it.
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